This is especially notable in two strategic regions: Southeastern, Central, and Eastern Europe and South Asia.

Both within and beyond these countries, meanwhile, policy too often transposes Western solutions and is not well adapted to local realities. In these countries, the tools and tactics of China’s activism and influence activities remain poorly understood among local experts and elites.

But “vulnerable” countries-those where the gap is greatest between the scope and intensity of Chinese activism, on the one hand, and, on the other, local capacity to manage and mitigate political and economic risks-face special challenges. There has been growing attention to this issue in the United States and the advanced industrial democracies of Japan and Western Europe. Preface: China’s Impact on Strategic RegionsĬhina’s economic and political footprint has expanded so quickly that many countries, even those with relatively strong state and civil society institutions, have struggled to grapple with the implications.

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